Bega Cheese Limited Australian Stock Exchange Case study-Sample

Question: Talk about theBega Cheese Limitedfor Australian Stock Exchange. Answer: Presentation The report talks about Bega Cheese Limiteds execution for the monetary year finishing 30th June 2015. It is an Australian organization, recorded in the Australian Stock Exchange and fundamentally reveled into the assembling of Cheese and other milk items. It is claimed by the Bega Co-employable Society Limited and it sends out its cheddar over the globe. The equivalent is likewise accessible in all the markets of Australia under the brand name Fonterra. The organization works in two sections cheddar and the Tatura Milk. The cheddar area fabricates handled cheddar, powdered cheddar and spread though the Milk section makers cream cheddar, margarine powder and nutritionals. Bega Cheese Limited is likewise included into contract bundling. By and by it has 1650 individuals utilized. The Australian journal industry has seen a significant defeat in the present year in conversation yet anyway and still, after all that Bega Cheese Limited has prevailing with regards to creating benefits for their financial specialists. By and by it is the healthful section of the business which is significantly more beneficial. The market has become ready as of late for the said portion however the establishment of the equivalent had been set down two decades prior. In the year 1993, the organization had set up its first splash drying plant at Tatura which would deliver in enormous amounts youth wholesome powder. The organization has progressed significantly since just because of its since a long time ago run connections promotion coordinated efforts with different colleagues. One such model is the organization with Megmilk Snow who had arrangement a canning plant directly close to its Tatura plant around the same time. They would change over the mass milk powder delivered for the b abies into retail prepared items by pressing it in such a way and afterward would send out it to the Asian market. The said plant is as yet employable. Since the Asian market for nutritionals were developing at an extremely quick pace, the organization chose to set up a second dryer in 2002 and further redesigned the equivalent in the wake of six monotonous years. Further to this the said upgradation prompted marking of a long multi year contract with Mead Johnson so much that now they have utilized lasting representatives at Tatura. The organization developed bigger when it understood that it should now have its own getting set together. In the year 2014 it charged the Derimut powder and canning office plant with best in class pressing and mixing innovation and got the enrollment from the Certification and Accreditation Administration of China which opened the fare market of China for Bega Cheese Limited (Bloomberg.com., 2016). In the year 2015, the organization declared its association with Blackmores as Bemore Partnership wherein it presented an entirely different scope of nourishing items for Asian just as Australian Markets. China has been the fundamental concentration for the gathering since according to the measurements the market of China is the biggest on the planet. The following business sector which Bega Cheese Limited eyes at is that of Indonesia since it anticipated that the island should develop because of high fruitfulness rate and a more youthful populace. The organization has not exclusively been focussing on the more youthful age yet has likewise been focussing upon the senior resident populace too. Finally the organization has been off of late thinking upon the marking of its organization items. Fonterra being the most established of all. The gathering by and by has Bega, Tatura, Royal Victoria. Melbourne and Dairymont as its significant brands. Its principle center for the following five years would be on guaranteeing an expansion in the milk solids admission and the expanding comes back from milk and expanded procurement exercises in the field of journal innovation, milk activities and such other journal items advertise improvement. Despite the fact that the worldwide journal advertise in the short run is required to be discouraging yet the equivalent is extremely productive in the medium and since a long time ago run. Along these lines Bega Cheese Limited, one of the most established cheddar and journal items brand in Australia is developing gradually yet consistently as it has confidence in blending experience and industry information in with more up to date procedures and thoughts (Bega Cheese Limited Annual Report 2015). Explanation Of Financial Position As On 30th June 2015 The monetary record of any organization insights concerning the advantage risk position of a substance as on a specific date. It likewise inks down the outline of the parities of the different records, for example, various borrowers, various lenders, inventories, speculations and so on. In this way in less difficult terms one can say that the said proclamation uncovers the situation of the investors store of the element which is only a contrast between the advantages and the liabilities of an organization (Barber, Lyon. 1996). The budget summary of Bega Cheese Limited as on 30th June 2015 shows the companys current, non current resource and risk position and the value status of the organization for the present just as the earlier year. On dissecting the fiscal report of Bega Cheese Limited as on 30th June 2015 the accompanying information is inferred All out Current Asset: $328589 All out Non-current Asset: $223830 Absolute Current Liabilities: $179287 All out Non-Current Liabilities: $60466 All out Stockholders Equity: $312666 On contrasting the above information and that of the earlier year the accompanying ends are determined: The present resources revealed in the earlier year was $321541. There has been a s to $light increment in the present resource from that point forward by simply 2.19% (Approx). It is this area of the monetary record which demonstrates the liquidity position of any substance. There has been huge increment in the present resource position of Bega Cheese Limited which unmistakably demonstrates that the liquidity position has not decreased and has been kept up at a predictable level with the goal that the organization doesn't need to confront the edge of liquidity crunch. Hence it is working safe with respects its fluid resource position. Anyway the non current resources of the organization has diminished from $227096 to $223830 which is exceptionally immaterial in nature. The reduction is because of weakness misfortune being recorded separated from devaluation misfortune and some minor offer of advantages. Anyway the said change isn't excessively striking and in this way the organization is as yet working with a solid resource base. It unmistakably shows that it has faith in building a solid resource base as it is a profoundly industrialized fragment (Vitez, 2014). Despite the fact that the present obligation position of the organization is at a positive position wherein their has been a critical decline of the rational from $212170 to $179287, yet the organization has seen to build its transient obtaining cost altogether from $20588 to $68974 which would squeeze the intrigue segment and in this manner the gainfulness of the worry. Anyway generally speaking there is a diminishing of 15.50% (Approx) which is extremely great. The non current liabilities position is very disheartening as there is a noteworthy increment of a 173.86% (Approx) since the earlier year which is disturbing as it would have an impact in the benefit and loss of the organization because of an expanding interest cost. The drawn out borrowings has expanded from $20000 to $ 57500. Howsoever such a getting will hep the organization to extend in future yet it should monitor the equivalent and attempt to reimburse the advances at the soonest in order to better the benefits of the organization (White et.al. 2002). There has been critical development in the investors value of Bega Cheese Limited yet for the stores segment. There has been no new issue of offers in this way the possession isn't weakened further. A minor lessening of 0.55% has occurred because of increase or misfortune in the supporting instruments which legitimately hits the value capital of the organization and the abatement in the reasonable estimation of the offers that are to be given to the representatives of the organization (Harper, 2010). On investigating the monetary situation of the organization it is extremely evident that the organization is working in a sound condition and despite the fact that in the year 2015 it has taken huge credits both short just as long haul yet the organization is a gainful one and a rewarding one from a financial specialists perspective. It has likewise been a profit paying organization and in the present year additionally it has had the option to deliver a profit of 8.5 pennies per share which is like what was paid earlier year. The equivalent is astounding as much after there was a plunge in the worldwide ware costs the organization kept up in any event the earlier years profit sum. Further the report talks about some other significant proportions too which would assist the financial specialists with deciding all the more precisely about their speculation positions (Zions business asset focus, 2005). Proportion Analysis Of Various Items Of The Balance Sheet Kind Of Ratio 2015 2014 Liquidity Ratios Current Ratio 1.83 1.51 Snappy Ratio 0.72 0.65 Dissolvability Ratios Obligation to stock proportion 0.92 1.15 Obligation to capital proportion 0.12 0.04 Obligation to value proportion 0.77 0.75 A perfect current proportion is 1 and in the said companys situation the present proportion is at its best. Truth be told it has bettered since a year ago by 0.30 premise focuses around. This plainly shows the organization can without much of a stretch result its present liabilities with the present resources it has close by. The brisk proportion has likewise improved in this manner demonstrating that its liquidity position is exceptionally solid (Lan, 2012). The dissolvability proportions are of significance for the organization because of increment in the obtained reserves. In contrast with the earlier year there has not been a huge increment I the companys obligation value proportion which is a positive sign in this manner involving that the organization has had the option to keep up the extent among possessed and obtained assets consistently. In conclusion a companys obligation to capital proportion is of most extreme significance to decide the monetary influence of the organization. On review the information above obviously the budgetary influence of the organization has disintegrated fundamentally (Das et.al.1998) . Investors Equity As On 30th June 2015 According to the AAS

How to Start Writing a Memoir 10 Tips for Starting Your Memoir

Writing a memoir based on your own experience requires a good overarching story, but in order to make an impression on the reader from page one, it’s important to craft an especially strong opening. When you write a memoir, begin with a dramatic hook that makes the reader want more. If you can hold the reader’s attention from the top, they’ll stick with you through the whole book.

Brain Drain And The Allure Of High Income Abroad - 1540 Words

1.0 Introduction According to Merriam Webster (2015), brain drain is referred to as a circumstance where by all or the majority of geographic region and capable resources and skilled ,intelligent within a given area leave the area because of various factors that comprises lack of high paying employment. In addition brain drain is also mentioned to as capital flight of human. Brain drain in another way of defining it, refers to the leaving of skilled, professionals from one economic sector to another country or field for better remuneration or living conditions. The allure of high income abroad refers to a circumstance whereby people in developing countries are entice by the benefits offered on develop countries. 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Confucianism, Taoism, And Confucianism - 1277 Words

In Chinese history, there were three main philosophies: Confucianism, Taoism, and Legalism. These beliefs helped shape Chinese culture as well as Chinese history. Not only did people believe in these ideas, but the three helped to govern the mighty Chinese dynasties. These dynasties all provided an impact to each doctrine; the philosophy that had the greatest impact was legalism because it ended the Warring States Period, provided structure, and strengthened agriculture, and the military of China. Although Confucianism, Taoism and Legalism had a few things in common and at times tried to resolve the same problem, they were very different from each other in their beliefs, character, and ways of life. Confucianism was founded by the first Chinese thinker to address both the political and social order of things straightforwardly and self- consciously. 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Overview Of Company And Its Operations †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Overview Of Company And Its Operations? Answer: Introducation Wesfarmers limited was established in year 1914 that grew into largest retail company listed on Australian stock exchange. Organization has diverse business operations that involve supermarket, convenience store and hotel, department stores, liquor, home improvements and office supplies. Moreover, it has industrial business with divisions in energy, chemicals, industry, fertilizers, and coal and safety products. Wesfarmers is a largest private sector having s shareholder base of 530000 and employing 220000 employees. Group mainly focuses on creating wealth for its shareholders and contributing to communities in a meaningful ways. Core values of organization lies in integrity, boldness, accountability and openness. Business activities of organization is operated in accordance with environmental and community principles. Retail business of the group is positioned in such a way that it will help in achieving growth and further making improvement in service, range and value. In the short -term, outlook of group seems to be challenging while remaining concentrated on operational efficiency improvement. Restructuring of target activities and challenging trade conditions have offset the strong performance of group. Wesfarmers group have continued to make investment in service, customer value, online stores and merchandise ranges for sustaining in competitive environment and continue to deliver improved return to shareholders and long-term growth. Nonetheless, depressed conditions across the retail sector have significantly affected the industrial division performance. There was considerable decline in underlying earnings for division. It is ensured by group that there is strong management capability in each of its division that is accountable for day-to-day performance of operations, strategy execution and development. The framework of business model of organization is Wesfarmers way that aims at obtaining primary objective and comprise of growth enablers, core values and value creating strategies. Portfolio diversification was reflected in financial results of year 2016 and non-cash impairment was made in few divisions of group (wesfarmers.com.au 2017). Business portfolio of organization helps in cash over time because of its excellent employees, god corporate governance and creating shareholders value. he net operating profit of the group for the financial year 2016 was recorded at $ 407 million and the operating cash flow of group was less compared to previous financial year by 11.2% (wesfarmers.com.au 2017). Strategy of group involves diversification of its funds source and maintaining presence in key markets. Critically analyzing and explaining the corporate social and environmental responsibility reporting: The sustainability issues of the group is addressed by ten principles that involve people development, safety, robust governance, resilience to climatic change, product safety, contributions to community, ethical sourcing, obligations to suppliers and diversity. Environmental regulations regulate the activities of consolidated entities and they are granted the license for regulating the management of water quality and quantity, disposal of waste and environmental matters, carriage and storage of hazardous materials and other environmental matters that is related with operations of consolidated entity (Gigler et al. 2013) Social responsibility at Wesfarmers is about managing and understanding the ways in which the operations of business activities impacts the communities that helps in ensuring value creation in future. In order to improve their environmental and social practices, sourcing of products from suppliers is done in a responsible manner. They intend to maintain leading position in industry for which engagement is done with groups such as WWF and green peace. Social and environmental issues are related engagement with such partners. Inclusive and cohesive community environment helps in underpinning the strong business environment as believed by Wesfarmers. Businesses intend to reduce the intensity of emission and making improvement in their resilience to climatic change. Group takes steps for reducing the emission of greenhouse gases, as they are able to recognize that human actions are the reason behind the climatic change. Several measures are taken by group for reducing carbon emission, im proving efficiency of energy, making investment in renewable and low emission technologies (Picker al. et 2016). Adoption of technological improvement in industry processes assist in managing the intensity of emission. Managing the electricity usage and continuous monitoring are the drivers of reducing the emission. Some of retail stores made an investment in upgrading of LED lights that leads to reduction in consumption of energy. It has been analyzed by the group that risk related to weather change will be exacerbated and increased weather volatility would also impact the supply chain and operations of organization. Risk associated with climatic change is reduced by adopting mitigation strategies. At divisional level, climate resilience planning helps in improving the understanding of issues of material climatic change. Process of risk management of organization incorporates the business robustness against climatic change. Wesfarmers is committed towards contribution to resilience of ecosystem and one of material issue is biodiversity protection (wesfarmers.com.au 2017). Natural resources used in business operations and critical part of efforts of organization are reducing the emission of greenhouse gases for managing the forests. The benchmarking tool for measuring the performance of climatic change is the carbon disclosure project. Organization has made investment in coal assets and has adopted steps for helping customers reducing emission of carbon. Group also strives for reducing water usage and waste reduction for water fill. When it comes to recycling of waste, some of initiatives have been taken by organization that involves recycling of flexible cardboard and plastic, better separation and recycling and reduction of polystyrene packaging. Making investment in community initiatives leading to social and economic outcomes is the long-term commitment of organization. Furthermore, Wesfarmers is actively engage with some stakeholders and social justice non-government organizations for addressing social issues. In order to address the labor practic e in some countries in which it operates, group engages in some key social improvement program. Supplier base of organization is continuously rationalized by establishment of more meaningful relationship with suppliers and for making improvement in social relationship with suppliers (). Presentation of ratio analysis of financial statements: 2016 2015 2014 Profitability Net profit margin 0.62% 3.91% 4.47% Return on assets 1.62 1.55 1.51 Return of ordinary shareholders equity 1.71% 9.61% 10.34% Asset turnover 0.033 0.085 0.06 Efficiency Accounts receivable turnover 21.34 20.49 15.33 Inventory turnover 7.27 7.83 7.76 Short-term solvency Current ratio 0.93 0.93 1.13 Quick ratio 0.33 0.37 .48 Cash Flow from operations to current liabilities .322 .389 0.392 Long-term solvency Debt to equity .32 .26 0.194 Debt to total assets 0.43 .386 0.345 Leverage ratio 1.29 1.59 1.89 Market-based ratios Price/Earnings ratio 1.07 .1696 .1487 Earnings yield 0.926 5.893 6.72 Dividend yield 58.11 70.82 61.90 Explanation of ratios: Ratio analysis is a vital tool for making investment decision as it depicts the trend and financial performance of company. In the present report, several ratios have been calculated that demonstrates the financial position of Wesfarmers limited. Profitability position of organization is analyzed using the net profit margin, return on assets, asset turnover and return on equity ratio. Net profit margin has a declining trend from 4.47% in year 2014 to 3.91% in year 2015 and further to 0.62%. This is indicative of the fact that net profit of Wesfarmers has fallen. Return on assets has increased considerably from 1.51 in year 2014 to 1.62 in year 2016 that depicts assets have been utilized for generating income. Return on equity has fallen significantly from 9.61% in year 2015 to 1.71% in year 2015. It depicts that organization ability to generate profit from shareholders investment has reduced. Asset turnover has witnessed a declining trend from 0.08 in year 2015 to 0.03 in year 2016 that indicates that assets of organization is not efficiently utilized. Long-term solvency position of Wesfarmers group is evaluated by calculating the debt equity ratio, leverage ratio and debt to total asset ratio. Debt to equity ratio of group has increased from 0.19 in year 2014 to 0.26 in year 2015 and further to 0.32 in year 2016. An increase in ratio depicts that organization has been relying increasingly on dent for financing their assets. Debt to total assets has increased from 0.34, 0.38 and 0.43 in year 2014, 2015 and 2016 respectively. Increase in ratio is not considered favorable for organization as they are relying more on debt for asset financing. Leverage ratio has decreased from 1.89 in year 2014 to 1.29 in year 2016. Lower ratio is indicative of the fact that organization has not been aggressively financing its growth with debt. Market based ratio is analyzed using price earnings ratio, dividend yield and earning yield. Price earnings ratio of group has initially decreased and subsequently increased from 0.148 in year 2014 to 1.07 in year 2016. There has been considerable decline in earning yield and substantial increase in dividend yield. Short-term solvency position of organization is analyzed by calculating current ratio, quick ratio and operating cash flow ratio (Nobes 2014). Current ratio of group has remained constant at 0.93 for two consecutive year and quick ratio has continuously declining. Quick ratio has decreased from 0.48 in year 2014 to 0.33 in year 2016. This is indicative of the fact that organization has not been efficiently utilizing current assets for meeting their short-term obligations. Operating cash flow ratio has declined from .38 in year 2015 to 0.33 in year 2014 respectively. Lower cash flow ratio is not a good indicator of financial health of company, as sufficient cash flow is not generated from operating activities (Bhandari and Adams 2017). Efficiency position of Wesfarmers limited is analyzed by calculating inventory turnover and accounts receivable turnover ratio. Accounts receivable turnover ratio has increased significantly from 15.33 in year 2014 to 21.34 in year 2016 respectively. This indicates that organization is employing tighter credit policy and has a number of high quality customers. References: Bhandari, S.B. and Adams, M.T., 2017. On the Definition, Measurement, and Use of the Free Cash Flow Concept in Financial Reporting and Analysis: A Review and Recommendations. Journal of Accounting and Finance, 17(1), p.11. Bonsall, S.B., Leone, A.J., Miller, B.P. and Rennekamp, K., 2017. A plain English measure of financial reporting readability. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 63(2), pp.329-357. Chen, J.V. and Li, F., 2015. Discussion of Textual analysis and international financial reporting: Large sample evidence. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 60(2), pp.181-186. Elumilade, D.O. and Ishola, S.O., 2014. Financial Reporting and Analysis of Group and Separate Entities: IFRS Edition. Gigler, F., Kanodia, C., Sapra, H. and Venugopalan, R., 2014. How Frequent Financial Reporting Can Cause Managerial Short?Termism: An Analysis of the Costs and Benefits of Increasing Reporting Frequency. Journal of Accounting Research, 52(2), pp.357-387. Nobes, C., 2014. International Classification of Financial Reporting 3e. Routledge. Picker, R., Clark, K., Dunn, J., Kolitz, D., Livne, G., Loftus, J. and Van der Tas, L., 2016. Applying international financial reporting standards. John Wiley Sons. Tan, B.S., 2016. Interim financial reporting: how frequent should it be?. International Journal of Economics and Accounting, 7(2), pp.116-126. Wahlen, J., 2014. Financial Reporting, Financial Statement Analysis and Valuation/James Wahlen, Stephen Baginski, Mark Bradshaw. Cengage Learning. Wahlen, J., Baginski, S. and Bradshaw, M., 2014. Financial reporting, financial statement analysis and valuation. Nelson Education. Wesfarmers.com.au. (2017).Home. [online] Available at: https://www.wesfarmers.com.au/ [Accessed 13 Sep. 2017].

Operation Manager free essay sample

http://www. google. co. in/search? sclient=psyhl=ensite=source=hpq=job+deisgnbtnK=Google+Search Functions and Activities of Operations Management August 11th, 2009Leave a commentGo to comments Operations management involves the management of human,technology and system resources. The operations management functions,like in other management disciplines, include planning,directing,organizing,staffing,motivating and controlling to achieve the set organizational goals. In addition to the above management functions operation managers perform many other activities as given below. . Facility location and lay out design-The facility location activity involves the decision of the location for the facility,manufacturing unit or service outfit,geographically. The layout design determines how the internal facilities (departments,equipments,service stations,workstations etc ) will be arranged. 2. Job design and work measurement-The job design activity involves the structuring of work tasks assign ed to an employee and the study of the tasks that make up the job. We will write a custom essay sample on Operation Manager or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The work measurement activity involves the timing of the tasks that comprise a job. The job design and work measurement activities are carried out to optimize output. Design of the production processes, type of process design,and investment and economic analysis also studied to achieve maximum productivity 3. Demand forecasting-Organizations need to forecast the demand for their products and services so that all relevant plans can be developed for the future. Operation managers need to estimate future demand as accurately as possible as this will influence not only the requirement of manpower resources but also the utilization of working capital. Various types of quantitative and non-quantitative forecasting techniques are used in operation management. 4. Planning and controlling operations-Planning is the most important function performed by an operations manager. Planning may be long range(strategic),short range(operational) or medium range(tactical). An operational management plan follows as a sequel to the overall corporate planning and includes marketing,financial,personnel/MIS, other plans at the functional level and departmental plans for the purchasing,inventory,assembly,finishing etc. Aggregate plans define how the resources can be best employed to meet market demand for the given products 5. Materials management-The materials management activity involves the grouping of management functions supporting materials flow. Materials management includes activities starting from purchase and internal control of production materials,the planning and control of unfinished products in process at various stages of production and the warehousing,shipping and distribution of the finished product 6. Inventory control and management-The inventory management activity is concerned with the planning and control of inventories of raw materials,consumables,work in progress materials,other economic resourses and finished goods. 7. Purchase management-This function is a subsystem   of the materials management and is of special importance in a typical manufacturing firm where 50-60%of the total costs is made up of purchases. Purchase management functions include vendor development,selection of suppliers,contract negotiation,value analysis,make or buy decisions and maintaining the high ethics 8. Total Quality Management-This is a management concept that focuses the collective efforts of all managers and employees on satisfying customer expectations by continually improving operation management processes and products. 9. Supply chain management-Supply chain can be described as the network covering the various stages in the provision of products or services to the customers. Supply chain management integrates procurement,operations and logistics to provide value added products or services. Effective management of the supply chain enables organisations to meet customer requirements in time with improved facility utilisation,optimimal inventory etc. 10. Project Management-A thorough knowledge of project management procedures,tools and techniques is essential for the operations manager as almost all organizations embark upon projects of one kind or another almost all the time. Also some project oriented organizations take years to deliver their products. Project management uses basic tools like PERT/CPM and their advanced versions for planning ,scheduling and expediting. 1. Maintenance management-The objective of maintenance management is to ensure that the systems are working at their optimum efficiency and is essential to the organization for productivity,increase operational life of equipments and kep safe working conditions. Maintenance management uses modern preventive and predictive maintenance tools and monitoring techniques Operation Management Definition Paper Op eration Management Definition Paper The purpose of this paper is to describe the importance of operations management to a health care organization. In addition, the author of this paper will provide a personal definition of what operations management means and why is important to a healthcare organization. According to the Institute of Operations Management The cost of providing fast, reliable health care is always an emotive issue, but it has been brought to the fore again via the Gershon report, which is challenging the established Health Care Supply Chain. As a precursor to more specific events that look at how operations management can help practitioners make best use of additional funding to improve patient care and enhance the working lives of Health Care Professionals. The essential healthcare management functions are organized into three major groups of activities governing, caring, and learning with a focus on reaching excellence in community healthcare. Within Is this essay helpful? Join  OPPapers  to read more and access more than 470,000 just like it! GET  BETTER  GRADES these activities, each system is described in terms of what it must do to make the whole system effective. Implementing and sustaining change is one of the most difficult tasks for any management -but change is a fact of life in any modern enterprise and, without the ability to manage change, no company can hope to survive it. Operations Managers addresses the practical issues that surround planning and implementing change, including motivating a business to change, engaging staff in the change process, determining performance measures and sustaining the benefits achieved in the initial change process. According to Stevenson (2002), operations management is the management of that part of an organization that is responsible for producing goods and/or services. Operations management is that part of a business organization responsible for planning and coordinating the use of the organizations resources to convert inputs into outputs. The operations function is one of three job description A broad,  general, and written  statement  of a specific job, based on the findings of a  job analysis. It generally  includesduties, purpose,  responsibilities,  scope, and  working conditions  of a job along with the  jobs  title, and the name or  designation  of the  person  to whom the  employeereports. Job  description  usually  forms  the basis of  job specification. job design Work  arrangement  (or rearrangement) aimed at reducing or overcoming  job  dissatisfaction and  employee  alienationarising from repetitive and mechanistic  tasks. Through job design,  organizations  try to raise  productivity  levels  byoffering  non-monetary  rewards  such as greater  satisfactionfrom a sense of  personal  achievement in  meeting  the increased challenge and  responsibility  of ones work. Job enlargement,  job enrichment,  job rotation, and  job simplification  are the various  techniques  used in a job design  exercise. FACTORS AFFECTING JOB DESIGN Job design is affected by organizational, environmental and behavioral factors. A properly designed job will make it more productive and satisfying . If a job fails on this count, it must be redesigned based on the feedback. The various factors affecting job design are the following Organizational factors Organizational factors include characteristics of task, work flow, ergonomics and work practices. Characteristics of Task: Job design requires the assembly of a number of tasks into a job or a group of jobs. An individual may carry out one main task which consists of a number of inter-related elements or functions. On the other hand , task functions may be spilt between a team, working closely together or strung along an assembly line. In more complex jobs, individuals may carry out a variety of connected tasks, each with a number of functions, or these tasks may be allocated to a group of workers or divided between them. Complexity in a job may be a reflection of the number and variety of tasks to be carried out, or the range and scope of the decisions that have to be made, or the difficulty of predicting the outcome of decisions. The internal structure of each task, consists of three elements Planning ,Executing and Controlling. A completely integrated job will include all these elements for each of the tasks involved . The workers or group of workers having been given objectives in terms of output, quality and cost targets, decide on how the work is to be done, assemble the resources, perform the work and monitor output, quality and cost standards. Responsibility in a job is measured by the amount of authority , some one to put to do all these things. The ideal design is to integrate all the three elements. Work Flow: The flow of work in an organization is strongly influenced by the nature of the product or service. The product or service usually suggests the sequence and balance between jobs, if the work is to be done efficiently . After the sequence of jobs is determined, the balance between the jobs is established. Ergonomics: Ergonomics is concerned with designing and shaping jobs to fit the physical abilities and characteristics of individuals so that ,they perform the jobs effectively . Ergonomics helps employees to design jobs in such a way that workers’ physical abilities and job demands are balanced . It does not alter the nature of job tasks, but alters the location of tools ,switches and other facilities, keeping in view that handling the job is the primary consideration. Work Practices: Work practices are set ways of performing work . These methods may arise from tradition or the collective wishes of employees. Work practices were till now, determined by time and motion study which established the standard time needed to complete the given job. The study required repeated observations . The accuracy of the readings depended on competence of the work study engineer . Deviations from the normal work-cycle caused distortions in measurements, was biased towards existing work practices with little effort at method’s improvement and could be carried out only when, production was under way. A new technique has now emerged which ,if introduced , could drastically alter the work practices. Called the MOST (Maynard Operating Sequence Technique) ,the technique uses a standard formula to list the motion sequence ascribed in index values. Environmental factors Environmental factors affect the job design. These factors that have a bearing on job design are employees abilities and availability and social and culture expectations. Employee Abilities and Availability: Efficiency consideration must be balanced against the abilities and availability of the people to do the work. When Henry Ford made use of the assembly line, for example , he was aware that most potential workers lacked any automobile making experience . So, jobs were designed to be simple and required little training . Therefore, considerable thought must be given, as to who will actually do the work. Social and Cultural Expectations: During the earlier days, securing a job was the primary consideration. The worker was prepared to work on any job and under any working conditions. Now, it is not the same. Literacy, knowledge and awareness of workers have improved considerably . So also, their expectations from the job ,Hence, jobs be designed to meet the expectations of workers. When designing jobs for international operations, uniform designs are almost certain to neglect national and cultural differences . Hours of work holidays, vacations, rest breaks ,religious beliefs, management styles and worker sophistication and attitudes are just some of the predictable differences that can affect the design of jobs across international borders. Failure to consider these social expectations can create social dissatisfaction, low motivation ,hard to fill job openings and a low quality of work life ,especially, when foreign nationals are involved in the home country or overseas. Behavioral Factors: Behavioral factors include feedback, autonomy, use of abilities and variety. dsv2500 Subject Re: Factors effecting job design Yes u are right Organisational, Environmental and Behavioural factors paly important role in Job Design. dsv rwaller Subject Re: Factors effecting job design Solid job design is always the first step to effective work flow. An important step that businesses forget is assessing how well the person is utilizing good work practices. Waller Associates, provides Work Measurement services (  Work Measurement: Warehousing Distribution Consulting | Waller Associates  ) utilizing Lean and MOST in the Warehousing and Distribution sections of the Supply Chain industry. They can help your company achieve the efficiency that you envisioned with your efforts to do good Job Design more at  http://www. citehr. com/4270-factors-effecting-job-design. tml#ixzz1WEZZyLRd Factors influencing job design? Answer: Job design is affected by organizational, environmental and behavioral factors. A properly designed job will make it more productive and satisfying . If a job fails on this count, it must be redesigned based on the feedback. The various factors affecting job design are the following Organizational factors Organizational factors include characte ristics of task, work flow, ergonomics and work practices. Characteristics of Task: Job design requires the assembly of a number of tasks into a job or a group of jobs. An individual may carry out one main task which consists of a number of inter-related elements or functions. On the other hand , task functions may be spilt between a team, working closely together or strung along an assembly line. In more complex jobs, individuals may carry out a variety of connected tasks, each with a number of functions, or these tasks may be allocated to a group of workers or divided between them. Complexity in a job may be a reflection of the number and variety of tasks to be carried out, or the range and scope of the decisions that have to be made, or the difficulty of predicting the outcome of decisions. The internal structure of each task, consists of three elements Planning ,Executing and Controlling. A completely integrated job will include all these elements for each of the tasks involved . The workers or group of workers having been given objectives in terms of output, quality and cost targets, decide on how the work is to be done, assemble the resources, perform the work and monitor output, quality and cost standards. Responsibility in a job is measured by the amount of authority , some one to put to do all these things. The ideal design is to integrate all the three elements. Work Flow: The flow of work in an organization is strongly influenced by the nature of the product or service. The product or service usually suggests the sequence and balance between jobs, if the work is to be done efficiently . After the sequence of jobs is determined, the balance between the jobs is established. Ergonomics: Ergonomics is concerned with designing and shaping jobs to fit the physical abilities and characteristics of individuals so that ,they perform the jobs effectively . Ergonomics helps employees to design jobs in such a way that workers physical abilities and job demands are balanced . It does not alter the nature of job tasks, but alters the location of tools ,switches and other facilities, keeping in view that handling the job is the primary consideration. Work Practices: Work practices are set ways of performing work . These methods may arise from tradition or the collective wishes of employees. Work practices were till now, determined by time and motion study which established the standard time needed to complete the given job. The study required repeated observations . The accuracy of the readings depended on competence of the work study engineer . Deviations from the normal work-cycle caused distortions in measurements, was biased towards existing work practices with little effort at methods improvement and could be carried out only when, production was under way. A new technique has now emerged which ,if introduced , could drastically alter the work practices. Called the MOST (Maynard Operating Sequence Technique) ,the technique uses a standard formula to list the motion sequence ascribed in index values. Environmental factors Environmental factors affect the job design. These factors that have a bearing on job design are employees abilities and availability and social and culture expectations. Employee Abilities and Availability: Efficiency consideration must be balanced against the abilities and availability of the people to do the work. When Henry Ford made use of the assembly line, for example , he was aware that most potential workers lacked any automobile making experience . So, jobs were designed to be simple and required little training . Therefore, considerable thought must be given, as to who will actually do the work. Social and Cultural Expectations: During the earlier days, securing a job was the primary consideration. The worker was prepared to work on any job and under any working conditions. Now, it is not the same. Literacy, knowledge and awareness of workers have improved considerably . So also, their expectations from the job ,Hence, jobs be designed to meet the expectations of workers. When designing jobs for international operations, uniform designs are almost certain to neglect national and cultural differences . Hours of work holidays, vacations, rest breaks ,religious beliefs, management styles and worker sophistication and attitudes are just some of the predictable differences that can affect the design of jobs across international borders. Failure to consider these social expectations can create social dissatisfaction, low motivation ,hard to fill job openings and a low quality of work life ,especially, when foreign nationals are involved in the home country or overseas.

Application of skills †Education Evaluation, Test Administration

Application of skills – Education Evaluation, Test Administration Introduction Educational evaluation is the methodical measurement of educational activities in order to determine the outcome. The starting point of evaluation is based on the instruction program adopted, the goals of education and the initiative of the school towards education. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Application of skills – Education Evaluation, Test Administration specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Educational evaluation aims at assessing the merits of educational programs as well as the impacts of the initiatives. One way through which evaluation of skills can be achieved is through test administration. There are various types of assessment both formal and informal which can be used by educators to gauge the outcome of educational activities such as reading. Formative Assessment This is a type of assessment where the results of evaluation are used for revision purposes with the aim of improving the performance of learners. This process of assessment is diagnostic in that it provides feedback to teachers as well as learners in the course of instruction. As a result, the skills tested in reading are improved with time (Center for Educational Research and Innovation, 2005, p. 251). Purpose of formative assessment in reading A teacher will often want to know the progress of the students during a reading session. Formative assessment offers grounds for identification of the learning outcome of the students in time. Therefore it is possible to determine their performance. When the teachers are aware of the students’ progress and the problems arising from comprehension, they can use this information in making essential instructional improvements such as remedial teaching, change of instructional methods or reviewing instructional objectives (Boston, 2002, p. 3). Formative assessment is also significant in identifying and helping students who are low achievers as well as those with learning disabilities. This is successful when the teacher adopts different methods which facilitate effective learning for such students. In administering formative assessment, teachers are interested in getting feedback of the learning activities. This feedback helps the learners to be aware of the existing loop holes in relation to the set goals and their current position in terms of skills, knowledge and comprehension. As a result, the student is motivated to take the necessary action directed towards achieving the set goal.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In administering formative assessment, there are specific considerations to be observed. These include the level of students to be assessed, the content to be assessed and the resources available for assessment. All these determine the strategies to be used in an assessment (Boston, 2002, p. 4). In reading, the b asic skill measured is on the student’s understanding of the read text. A teacher can use brainstorming prior to reading a text for the students to have a picture in mind related to the text. After reading, well ordered questions can be asked concerning the text to gauge the understanding of learners. For instance, in Pollock’s story, ‘Betsy Brandon meets the president’, a brainstorm session would require learners to respond to questions regarding a meeting with a very important person and how they would feel if they were to meet the president. With regard to test 1, of Pollock’s story, the questions are well ordered testing from those which require simple recall of facts by the student such as question one and two. The teacher then goes to question three which tests the student’s vocabulary development and finally to question four, five and six which require the learner to go further by giving a simple critique to test their analysis of th e story. In a formative assessment test such as test 1, every response from the leaner is reinforced by verbal praise or other forms of rewards to encourage participation of learners. Conclusion Evaluation in education is an important aspect worth incorporating. Reading comprehension and formative assessment help both the students and the teachers to know their position in the academic endeavor. Educators should therefore make use of this type of assessment so as to improve learner’s comprehension skills in reading. Reference List Boston, C. (2002). The concept of formative assessment. Journal of Practical Assessment, Research Evaluation. 8(9): 1-5.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Application of skills – Education Evaluation, Test Administration specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Center for Educational Research and Innovation, (2005). Formative assessment. Improving learning in secondary schools. Par is, France: O.E.C.D.